Pathogens: Over 99.99% of viruses (e.g., polio, rotovirus), bacteria (e.g., E. coli, legionella), and over 99.95% of cysts (e.g., giardia, cryptosporidium)

Heavy Metals: Lead (>95%), arsenic (>95%), cadmium (>95%), ferrous iron (>80%), chromium (>85%), selenium (>75%), and mercury (>60%)

Organic and Inorganic Chemicals: Chlorine, bromine, iodine (in carbon versions), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PCBs, BPA, residual pharmaceuticals

Biofouling Precursors: Organic acids, proteins, polysaccharides that can cause membrane fouling